{"id":3873,"date":"2012-09-17T14:23:30","date_gmt":"2012-09-17T19:23:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/college.unc.edu\/?p=3873"},"modified":"2024-07-02T13:33:01","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T13:33:01","slug":"troubled-waters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/?p=3873","title":{"rendered":"Troubled waters: There’s more beneath the surface of the BP oil spill"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
After the BP oil explosion, deep under water, researchers found out how the oil was affecting marine life. (photo courtesy of the U.S. Coast Guard)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

On July 29, 2010, Time<\/em> magazine ran a story with the headline, \u201cThe BP Spill: Has the Damage Been Exaggerated?\u201d<\/a> Research from UNC and elsewhere shows that Time<\/em> could have run a sidebar: \u201cThe BP Spill: Is It Too Early to Assess the Damage?\u201d<\/p>\n

When BP\u2019s Deepwater Horizon oil rig failed on April 20, 2010, nearly five million barrels of oil and gas gushed into the Gulf of Mexico. Weeks later, oil washed ashore, killing wildlife and contaminating estuaries and beaches.<\/p>\n

But the immediate aftermath was nowhere near as horrific as scientists and environmentalists had feared. In the past, much less oil had caused much more damage. In 1989, for instance, the Exxon-Valdez spilled less than one million barrels of crude oil off the coast of Alaska, killing hundreds of bald eagles, thousands of otters and seals, hundreds of thousands of seabirds and billions of fish eggs. The carnage following the BP spill didn\u2019t seem to compare.<\/p>\n

But the BP-Deepwater Horizon spill was 41 miles off the Louisiana coast and began from a wellhead 5,000 feet below the surface. A lot of marine life under water was affected but not seen on the nightly news in July 2010. Also, 40 percent of the spill wasn\u2019t oil; it was toxic gas that was much harder to track once released into the water column.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Mandy Joye (photo courtesy of the University of Georgia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

There\u2019s never been a spill like it, says Andreas Teske, <\/a>a microbiologist at UNC who\u2019s been studying the effects of the spill with colleagues Mandy Joye, a marine scientist and Carolina alumnus from the University of Georgia, and Carol Arnosti and Chris Martens, professors in UNC\u2019s department of marine sciences and Institute of Marine Sciences.<\/a> They found that much of the oil and gas never made it to the surface, never made it to shore, but still has had a huge environmental impact.<\/p>\n

Joye, who earned her undergraduate and doctoral degrees in biology and marine sciences from UNC, had been to the seafloor near the BP wellhead many times before the oil spill to take core sediment samples. Four months after the well was capped, she and Teske returned to the Gulf as part of multi-year National Science Foundation grants totaling more than $1 million. About two miles from the BP wellhead, all seafloor samples were covered in a brownish muck a couple inches thick. \u201cBut it wasn\u2019t fresh crude oil,\u201d Teske says. It was a kind of accumulated necromass \u2014 toxic petroleum byproducts mixed with dead organisms. \u201cWhatever lived at the floor has been run over by this toxic sediment,\u201d Teske says.<\/p>\n

Joye found dead worms and other sea life in similar sediment as far as 100 miles from the BP wellhead. Dead deepwater coral were covered with muck; they died immediately. \u201cI\u2019ve seen this recalcitrant oily muck at a large range of sites spanning a wide area since the oil spill,\u201d she says, \u201cbut I had never seen anything like this before the spill.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
After the spill, oil mixed with tiny organisms to create what Andreas Teske calls marine snot. (photo courtesy of Andreas Teske’s lab)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Teske and Joye found that the sediment contains various types of oil-degrading bacteria, and other researchers found that the same sediment samples contained heavy petroleum compounds that microbes weren\u2019t able to digest. Many of the nastiest compounds \u2014 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons \u2014 are well-known carcinogens and are likely still in that brownish muck at the bottom of the Gulf because they\u2019re hard to degrade, Teske says.<\/p>\n

Oil and volatile gasses contain two other groups of compounds \u2014 alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Many alkanes can be degraded by specialized bacteria, yeast and fungi. \u201cThey\u2019re the only life forms that can consume oil,\u201d he says, \u201cand incorporate it into their own biomass or process it into less harmful molecules.\u201d<\/p>\n

And bacteria did consume alkanes and aromatics during and after the 2010 oil spill, but there weren\u2019t enough microorganisms to eat all the hydrocarbons, Joye says. Many oil compounds remained in the water column long enough so that marine life ingested them or bacteria ate them, Teske says. Zooplankton eat bacteria. Shrimp eat zooplankton. Fish eat shrimp. Larger fish, dolphins and seabirds eat smaller fish.<\/p>\n

The carcinogenic oil compounds, especially polycyclic aromatics, that cause mutations in marine life gradually percolated through the food chain. These effects wouldn\u2019t have been evident immediately after the oil spill, Joye says. Even after the Exxon-Valdez accident in 1989, Alaskan herring fisheries didn\u2019t collapse until two years later.<\/p>\n

This year, commercial shrimpers on the Gulf have reported catching tons of shrimp and crabs that have no eyes. Researchers and commercial fishers who had never caught deformed fish have now documented catching many sickly fish with visible sores, toxic livers and malformed hearts.<\/p>\n

\u201cI wish I could say that the oil spill is not a long-term problem because the Gulf system is primed to handle oil spills,\u201d Joye says. \u201cBut that\u2019s just not the case. Only now are we beginning to see some of the long-term impacts.\u201d<\/p>\n

[Derewicz is a writer at <\/em>Endeavors<\/a> magazine.<\/em> This story appeared in the fall 2012 issue of <\/em>Carolina Arts & Sciences magazine.<\/em>]<\/p>\n

Read Teske’s blog<\/a> from a 2010 trip to the Gulf.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Read more stories about water:
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Oyster Culture<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Fluid Music<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The Future of the Outer Banks<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Water in the Classroom<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Precious Resource<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n


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UNC researchers are finding there’s more beneath the surface of the BP oil spill.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3875,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-carousel","category-natural-sciences-mathematics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3873"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3873\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45504,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3873\/revisions\/45504"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/collegearchive.unc.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}